Researchers! !! ! !!(Remember!)

1.Douglas:
1)He found that children in unsatisfactory living conditions(poor housing) didn't do very well in ability tests compared to kids from comfortable backgrounds.
2)He thought the level of parental interest was the most important factor in affecting achievement.Middle-class students received more attention and encouragement from their parents in their early years.

2.Bernstern: He identified restricted and elaborated codes. Besides,he found that working-class students in the East End of London were not comfortable with the style of language required by school. Although working-class speech patterns were not inadequate,upper-class doed replace it since elaborated language is the language of education.

3.Bereiter and Englemann: He argued that the speech patterns of low-income children are inadequate to meet the demand of educational system.

4.Keddie:
1) Negative labelling of students can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy of failure. In 1971, he said that teachers tended to evaluate pupils in terms of an ideal student by looking at appearance,personality speech and social class.
2)found that teachers allowed pupils in top streams access to higher levels of knowledge.

5.Halsey:
1)critisised functionalist views that education system provided equality of opportunity. Schools are not providing equality for all young people.
2)Modern economies require an increasingly specialised skills and high trained force. The educational system reflects the requirement.
3)found that the most important factor preventing working-class students staying at school is a lack of financial support.
4)criticised the tripartite system that it caused social class division. Researchs indicated that two-thirds of boys from middle-class backgrounds went to grammer schools compared only a quarter from working-class backgrouns.

6.Ball:found that the pupils in the top bands were from higher social classes. Teachers had higher expectation of them and they were taught in different ways.

7.Hyman:said that the values of working-class pupils are self-imposed barriers to improving their positions. The working-class tend to place a low value on education.

8.Sugarman: described working-class subcultures:
fatalistic, presnt-time orientated, concerned with immediate gratification

9.Bourdieu:used the concept of cultural capital to explain how the middle-class students get into top positions--the right language,skills,knowledge and attitudes.(1971.1974)

P.s I can't find Blackstone and Smith+Noble...i'll try.